The brain can be thought of as a highly sophisticated prediction machine, continuously interpreting sensory input and generating predictions about the world. Rather than passively receiving information, it actively anticipates what will happen next, refining its predictions based on experience and adjusting to new information in real time.
The brain generates internal models of the world based on prior knowledge and uses these models to make predictions. When sensory input aligns with these predictions, the brain can conserve energy and resources. However, when there is a mismatch—called a prediction error—the brain updates its internal model to better reflect reality.
Prediction is vital for almost every aspect of human cognition, from recognizing familiar faces to understanding language and planning actions. The brain doesn’t just predict the external world but also anticipates internal bodily states, regulating emotions and homeostasis.
This framework helps explain why humans can react quickly in uncertain or ambiguous situations and why unexpected events, like a loud noise, capture our attention. In essence, the brain’s ability to predict helps it optimize functioning and maintain balance between perception and action.